Tamanic languages

The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan:

• Embaloh (incl. Kalis)
• Taman (Taman Dayak)

The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the South Sulawesi languages, most probably in one branch together with Buginese.^[1][2][3]

Sound changes

Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.^[1]

Consonants

• Phonemic mergers:
  • *D merges into d.
  • *j merges into s, but merges into d following *n.
  • *h, *q merge into ∅, however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
  • *z merges into d.
• Lenition in intervocalic positions:
  • *-b- > -w- (sometimes deletes).
  • *-d- > -r- (original *D and *z are also affected).
  • *-ŋ-, *-k- > -∅- in Taman (*takut > ataut).
  • When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
• *l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable (*ulaR > urar "snake").
  • In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r (urar : uran).
• Development of final glottal stop (-ʔ) of mostly unexplained origin.
  • *-q > -ʔ, but *-h > *-∅
  • Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme -ʔ.

Vowels

• *aya, aV > *a: (qi Daya > Embaloh ira:)
  • In Taman, it was sometimes reflected as ɛ: (Malay lain > lɛ:n).
• *u was dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable (*tumpul > timpul "blunt").
• *ay, *ey and *aw, *ew were monophthongized into e and o, respectively.
• *-iq and *-uq became -e and -o respectively.

West Kalimantan groups

Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:^[4][5]

Group	Language	Regency
Kalis	Kalis	Kapuas Hulu
Lau'	Lau'	Kapuas Hulu
Tamambalo	Tamambalo	Kapuas Hulu
Taman	Taman	Kapuas Hulu

References

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